The Strenuous Life (1899) · Speech before the Hamilton Club, Chicago
Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt's philosophy counters the complacent hedonism prevalent among the elites of his day. The Gilded Age had fostered a culture of opulence and leisure, yet Roosevelt saw this as a hollow existence. For him, true fulfillment required grappling with life's challenges, not retreating from them. The strenuous life, he argued, is one that embraces duty and effort, transforming hardship into meaning.